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efficiency movement
The Efficiency Movement was a major movement in the United States, Britain and other industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy and society, and to develop and implement best practices.〔Daniel T. Rodgers, ''Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age'' (2000)〕 The concept covered mechanical, economic, social, and personal improvement.〔Samuel Haber, ''Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era, 1890–1920'' (1964)〕 The quest for efficiency promised effective, dynamic management rewarded by growth.〔Jennifer K. Alexander, ''The Mantra of Efficiency: From Waterwheel to Social Control'' (2008)〕
As a result of the influence of an early proponent, it is more often known as Taylorism.
==United States==
The Efficiency Movement played a central role in the Progressive Era in the United States, where it flourished 1890–1932.〔Haber (1964)〕 Adherents argued that all aspects of the economy, society and government were riddled with waste and inefficiency. Everything would be better if experts identified the problems and fixed them. The result was strong support for building research universities and schools of business and engineering, municipal research agencies, as well as reform of hospitals and medical schools, and the practice of farming.〔W. J. Spillman, "The Efficiency Movement in Its Relation to Agriculture," ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,'' Vol. 59, (May, 1915), pp. 65–76 (in JSTOR )〕 Perhaps the best known leaders were engineers Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915), who used a stopwatch to identify the smallest inefficiencies, and Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Sr. (1868–1924) who proclaimed there was always "one best way" to fix a problem.
Leaders such as Herbert Croly, Charles R. van Hise and Richard Ely sought to improve governmental performance by training experts in public service comparable to those in Germany, notably at the Universities of Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. Schools of business administration set up management programs oriented toward efficiency.〔Stuart Morris, "The Wisconsin Idea and Business Progressivism," ''Journal of American Studies,'' April 1970, Vol. 4#1 pp 39–60〕
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